Triumvirate

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The term triumvirate is commonly used to describe an alliance between three equally powerful political or military leaders. These alliances seldom hold very long. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all declare to be the sole leader of the state.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Modern Triumvirates 2.1 Modern Italy 2.2 Modern Greece 2.3 New World 3 Other 'Triumvirates' 4 In fiction 5 Sources and References 6 See also

Etymology

The word stems from triumvir (each of its members), from Old Latin phrase trium virum, genitive plural of tres viri "three men," from tres "three" + viri, plural of vir "man"

• (compare the more informal troika from Russian),

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Modern Triumvirates

The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times.

Ironically, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was bizarly named Consulat, a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included a "First Consul" who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government- a tyrannical position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First Empire.

Modern Italy

• in the Roman Republic (1798-1850), the title of two sets of three joint chiefs of state in the year 1849:

29 March - 1 July 1849 Carlo Armellini (b. 1777 - d. 1863), Giuseppe Mazzini (b. 1805 - d. 1872) & Conte Aurelio Saffi (b. 1819 - d. 1890)

1 till 4 July 1849 : Aurelio Saliceti (again), Alessandro Calandrelli (b. 1805 - d. 1888) & Livio Mariani (no dates available)

Modern Greece

In the Kingdom of Hellas (Greece), after the aborted reign of the Bavarian first king Othon I (Otto I) (b. 1815 - d. 1867) 6 Feb 1833 - 23 Oct 1862, and Dimitrios Georgiou Voulgaris (b. 1802 - d. 1878)'s 23 Oct 1862 - 30 Jan 1863 term as president of Provisional Government, there was a 30 Jan 1863 - 30 Oct 1863 Triumvirate (but Greek sources are very obscure on the style and function of this body, which some non-Greek sources call as a Regency) consisting of the same Dimitrios Georgiou Voulgaris, Konstantinos Michail Kanaris (b. 1790 - d. 1877) and Benizelos Athanasiou Rouphos (b. 1795 - d. 1868), untill the reign of the next king, Georgios I (George I) (b. 1845 - d. 1913), from now on as the Kingdom of the Hellenes

New World

• In the present Dominican Republic (eastern part of formerly Spanish Hispaniola island), twice (in a long list of styles, basically juntas, some also of three) :

29 May 1866 - 22 Aug 1866 - 1st Triumvirate (in rebellion from 1 May 1866) : Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (b. 1830 - d. 1874; formerly one of three 'Generals-in-Chief' 23 Jan 1865 - 24 Jan 1865 ), Gregorio Luperón (b. 1839 - d. 1897) PA & Federico de Jesús García

26 Sep 1963 - 25 Apr 1965 - 2nd Triumvirate : Emilio de los Santos (b. 1903 - to 22 Dec 1963) (chairman; from 29 Dec 1963 succeeded by Donald Joseph Reid Cabral, b. 1923, UCN, new chairman), Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1929) & Ramón Tapia Espinal (b. 1926 - d. 2002)

Other 'Triumvirates'

The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in a similar position :

• Ottoman Triumvirate is another name for the Ottoman Interregnum
• Great Triumvirate
• Council of Three
• Paraguayan Triumvirate

In fiction

• Triumvirate of the Robotech Masters in fictional Robotech series.
• The Advocacy of the War of the Worlds TV series, three aliens who made up a triumvirate to guide and counsel the lower classes.
• A brief Triumvirate:Borg: appeared on Star Trek for the first three seasons.
• In the television series The Pretender, a shadowy council, called the Triumvirate, headquartered in Africa, were apparently the powers that be of the mysterious Centre and were concerned about a prophecy involving Jarod.

Sources and References

• Etymology on line
• World Statesmen here Greece - see under each present country

See also

• Duumvirate - the equivalent term but with two members
• Quattuorvirate - the equivalent term for four people
• Quinquervirate - the equivalent term for five people
• Sevirate - the equivalent term for six people
• Septemvirate - the equivalent term for seven people
• Decemvirate - the equivalent term for ten people
• Quindecimvirate - the equivalent term for fifteen (sometimes more) peopleda:Triumvirat

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