The Chronicles of Narnia
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The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C.S. Lewis. They present the adventures of children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the realm of Narnia, a place where some animals talk, magic is common, and good is fighting evil.
For more information regarding the fictional universe in which the story takes place, including lists of characters and locations, see Narnia.
Pauline Baynes illustrated the original books in the series.
Contents |
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The books: publication and reading order
The books of the series, in the order of their publication, are:
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
- Prince Caspian (1951)
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
- The Silver Chair (1953)
- The Horse and His Boy (1954)
- The Magician's Nephew (1955)
- The Last Battle (1956)
The first American publisher, Macmillan, put numbers on the books and used the publication order. When HarperCollins took over the series, the books were renumbered using the internal chronological order, as suggested by Lewis' stepson, Douglas Gresham.
- The Magician's Nephew (1955)
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
- The Horse and His Boy (1954)
- Prince Caspian (1951)
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
- The Silver Chair (1953)
- The Last Battle (1956)
Gresham quoted Lewis' reply to a letter from an American fan in 1957, who was having an argument with his mother about the order:
- "I think I agree with your order (i.e. chronological) for reading the books more than with your mother's. The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks. When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more. Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still didn't think there would be any more, and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last. But I found as I was wrong. So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them. I'm not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published." ({{if
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Nevertheless, many fans of the series who appreciate the original order, which introduces important parts of the Narnia universe in the early part of the series and then provides explanation for them later in the prequels, in particular the creation story in The Magician's Nephew, take offense with the reordering. Other arguments for the publication order include that Prince Caspian is subtitled "The Return to Narnia", and that the following fragments of text from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe support it as being the first book in the series:
- "None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do."
- "That is the very end of the adventure of the wardrobe. But if the Professor was right, it was only the beginning of the adventures of Narnia."
Another argument cited by proponents of the original order is that if the series is first read in the chronological order, the reader can never experience the original order without the knowledge of the prequels. On the other hand, the chronological order can still be enjoyed after first reading the original order.
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Christian parallels
- Specific Christian parallels may be found in the entries for individual books and characters.
The Chronicles of Narnia contain many allusions to Christian ideas which are easily accessible to younger readers; however, the books are not weighty, and can be read for their adventure, colour, and mythological ideas alone. Because of this, The Chronicles of Narnia have become favourites with both children and adults, Christians and non-Christians.
Although he did not set out to do so, in the process of writing his fantasy works, Lewis (an adult convert to Christianity) found himself incorporating Christian theological concepts into his stories. As he wrote in Of Other Worlds:
- "Some people seem to think that I began by asking myself how I could say something about Christianity to children; then fixed on the fairy tale as an instrument, then collected information about child psychology and decided what age group I'd write for; then drew up a list of basic Christian truths and hammered out 'allegories' to embody them. This is all pure moonshine. I couldn't write in that way. It all began with images; a faun carrying an umbrella, a queen on a sledge, a magnificent lion. At first there wasn't anything Christian about them; that element pushed itself in of its own accord."
Lewis, an expert on the subject of allegory, himself maintained that the books were not allegory, and preferred to call the Christian aspects of them "suppositional". This is similar to what we would now call alternative history. As he wrote in a letter to a Mrs. Hook in December of 1958:
- "If Aslan represented the immaterial Deity in the same way in which Giant Despair represents despair, he would be an allegorical figure. In reality however he is an invention giving an imaginary answer to the question, 'What might Christ become like, if there really were a world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that world as He actually has done in ours?' This is not allegory at all." ({{if
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With the release of the 2005 Disney movie there has been renewed interest in the Christian parallels found in the books. Some find them distasteful, while noting that they are easy to miss if you are not familiar with Christianity.({{if
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Criticism
CS Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia series have received various criticisms over the years, much of it by fellow authors. Allegations of sexism center around the decription of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle. She is characterized as being "no longer a friend of Narnia" and interested "in nothing nowadays except lipstick, nylons and invitations".
J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has said:
- "There comes a point where Susan, who was the older girl, is lost to Narnia because she becomes interested in lipstick. She's become irreligious basically because she found sex, I have a big problem with that." ({{if
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Philip Pullman author of the His Dark Materials trilogy, interprets it this way:
- "Susan, like Cinderella, is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another. Lewis didn't approve of that. He didn't like women in general, or sexuality at all, at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books. He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up. [...] Death is better than life; boys are better than girls; light-coloured people are better than dark-coloured people; and so on. There is no shortage of such nauseating drivel in Narnia, if you can face it."({{if
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Defenders of Lewis assert that the majority of criticism against Lewis' works comes from those who disagree with Christianity. One example is Pullman, who is an atheist. Some believe that the religious aspect of Lewis and his books makes it difficult for a truly objective analysis of Narnia simply as a children's story. Fans of Lewis uphold that applying intense scrutiny using modern ethical standards a childrens book written in another social context is unreasonable. If literary critics do not hold other classic works accountable to modern day social norms, they should therefore not make exceptions for Lewis. Citation needed In regards to the role of women in his works, Lewis' apologists cite their positive roles in the series, like Lucy Pevensie and Aravis, who are main characters in the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Horse and His Boy, respectively. ({{if
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Hensher and Pullman have also implicated The Chronicles of Narnia series in fostering racism. This is based on a perceived negative representation of other races and religions, particularly the Calormenes, as enemies of Aslan and Narnia ({{if
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}}). The Calormenes are described as oily and dark-skinned people who wear turbans, pointy slippers and are armed with scimitars. This depiction has been cited as a blatant allegorical comparison to the traditional attire of Islam and Sikhism. Turbans are worn by Muslim clerics, and most adult Sikh males. Scimitars originated in the Middle East, and are highly symbolic of Islam. The Calormenes worship the "false god" Tash, portrayed as a stereotypical Satanic being who requires evil deeds and sacrifices from his followers. ({{if
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Lewis's Calormen is contextually and historically similar to the Ottoman Empire and comparisons have been made depicting the Calormenes as saracens and the Narnians as medieval crusaders. Since the historical aftermath of the Crusades and Ottoman Empire are still being felt centuries later in the current Middle East Conflicts and by calls for jihad against the Western World, it is probably unavoidable that such criticisms would arise at this time.
Despite being Irish, it is evident that Lewis was a distinctly British author, as were his contemporaries J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and others. Therefore, his writings can be expected to a particularly British Victorian era flavour that may seem dated, old-fashioned or conservative to some. The ongoing popular of these authors suggests that people may well be interpreting any apparent bias as a consequence of these authors being a product of their times, and therefore not holding them accountable for what might look like bigotry to modern eyes. ({{if
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[edit]
Narnia in other media
[edit]
Television
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was first turned into a television series in 1967. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing.
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was turned into an animated television special in 1979. It was given an Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program.
The Chronicles of Narnia were turned into a series of successful BBC television miniseries in 1988–1990. Only The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair were filmed. The Magician's Nephew, The Horse and His Boy, and The Last Battle were not filmed.
The four miniseries were later edited into three feature-length films (combining "Prince Caspian" and "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader") and released on DVD.
[edit]
Radio
There have also been BBC Radio and Focus on the Family Radio Theatre dramatisations of the novels.
[edit]
Cinema
A film version of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, titled The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Walden Media, has been released. It was directed by Andrew Adamson. The screenplay was written by Ann Peacock. Principal photography for the film took place in the Czech Republic and New Zealand. The film was released in 2005 (on December 9 in the United States).
Narnia director Andrew Adamson has hinted that he is already planning on making a sequel. The New Zealander said: "I don’t like the ’franchise’ word, but if this film is successful I will make another." His thoughts were echoed by producer Mark Johnson. He said: "I think it would be cocky if we say we are going to make another film — but I would certainly like to. The next one we would make would be Prince Caspian because that is the only [other] one that has all four children in it. And if we don’t make it now we will never be able to make it because they will be too old. That Chronicle is set one year after this one is so it would allow for the kids to get a bit older. I would be perfectly happy to make all seven."
[edit]
Influence on other works
A more recent British series of novels, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, has been seen as an "answer" to the Narnia books. Pullman's series favours science and reason over religion, wholly rejecting the themes of Christian theology which permeate the Narnia series, but has many of the same issues, subject matter, and types of characters (including talking animals) as the Chronicles of Narnia.
Author J.K. Rowling says that Lewis's sentimentality about children gets on her nerves, and that she has big problems with some aspects of the books to the point where she has not bothered to finish reading the series. However, Cedric Diggory may have been an homage to Digory AKA Prof. Kirke. Citation needed
The Sandman graphic novel series written by Neil Gaiman, in its story arc entitled "A Game of You," features a Narnia-like "dream island" that can be accessed by the character Barbie. Incidentally, Neil Gaiman wrote a "sequel" short story of sorts, "The Problem of Susan." [1]
Carlton Cuse, the executive producer of Lost, is a big fan of the Chronicles of Narnia, and those works have apparently influenced the direction of the show. Citation needed
[edit]
Geographical influences
Lewis reportedly based his depiction of Narnia on the geography and scenery of the Mourne Mountains in County Down in his native Northern Ireland.
[edit]
External/cultural references
It should be noted that the word 'aslan' is Turkic for 'lion' and while it is likely that most references to leonine things/beings named 'Aslan' or something similar refer to the one from Narnia, this may not necessarily be the case.
- In modern slang, to "go through the wardrobe" has acquired a similar meaning as to "go down the rabbit-hole".
- Steve Hackett's song "Narnia" on the album Please Don't Touch (1978) is based on The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe.
- Neil Gaiman's 2004 short story "The Problem of Susan" tells the story of Susan Pevensie long after the conclusion of Lewis' series (available in Flights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy edited by Al Sarrantonio).
- In an episode of Friends, Chandler gets defensive about his "nubbin" when Ross asks "if it does anything", and replies: "Why yes Ross, pressing my third nipple opens the delivery entrance to the magical land of Narnia."
- In Katherine Paterson's Bridge to Terabithia, Leslie refers often to the Narnia books and lends them to Jesse to read so he can learn to act like a king.
- In the British comedy series, The Young Ones (episode FLOOD) - Vyvyan enters a wardrobe whilst playing hide and seek and enters Narnia. (As he does so a member of the studio audience can clearly be heard saying "it's Narnia!") There he is met by the White Witch and her dwarf sleigh-driver. She offers him Turkish Delight but is repulsed by his bad breath. He lets on that he is looking for one of his housemates who was earlier frightened by a Lion (a lion-tamer was using his bedroom). This worries her and the dwarf says "It's the prophecy." She threatens Vyvyan to stay but he leaves. Later in the same episode landlord Mr Balowski briefly enters Narnia looking for the boys.
- Mike Scott of The Waterboys draws from the world of Narnia and C.S. Lewis in a number of his songs. "Further Up, Further In" from the album "Room to Roam" is a direct quote from "The Last Battle". Appearing in italics in the text of the book, Aslan proclaims it as he enters the new world. The song "A Church not made with Hands" from an early Waterboys album A Pagan Place begins with the words "Bye bye Shadowlands, the term is over".
- A Dublin rock band called Aslan have a loyal local Irish following, although they have not made it on the international scene. Their most famous song is "Crazy World".
- In the television series Black Books, the character "Gus" (who is played by the actor who played the Witch's dwarf and Trumpkin in the BBC adaptations) asks for some Turkish Delight.
- In Roald Dahl's book Matilda, the character Matilda mentions that she loves the book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
- An episode of South Park, "Here Comes the Neighborhood", includes scenes with a pride of lions. The leader of the lions is named Aslan, copying the voice intonation and general animated look from an earlier animated film, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
- In another South Park episode, "Chickenlover", Cartman pretends to have read the novel, and summarizes the plot, "a bunch of uh, hippies, walk around and paint stuff. They eat lunch, and then they find a magical... camel... which they have to eat to stay alive."
- Peter, from the animated television show Family Guy, briefly visited Narnia when he plunged into the clothes dryer in pursuit of a lost sock. Upon landing, he was greeted by a small creature, who introduces himself as Mr. Tumnus, and says, "Welcome to Narnia!" Peter responds with "Gimme back my sock, you goat-bastard!" Mr. Tumnus runs quickly away with his sock.
- In an episode of Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Willow has a nightmare in which she is dressed as a nerd and giving an oral book report on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe to a very uninterested class.
- In a Season 6 episode of Gilmore Girls, when pressed about her religious affiliation, Rory replies "I read The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe."
- Also in Season 6 of Gilmore Girls, episode 10, Christopher shows up to tell Lorelai that he has inherited a vast sum of money and can buy them anything like a castle: ""Doesn't have to be in Ireland. It can be in Germany, Czech Republic, Scotland...Narnia."
- The second installment of the Simon the Sorcerer series, called "Simon the Sorcerer 2: The Lion, The Wizard and the Wardrobe" contains several references to the original history. In it, the main character (Simon) is sent to a magical land where Calypso the Wizard, an old friend, lives. Simon falls into a trap which involves an enchanted wardrobe which appears right into his bedroom. Once the trap is set, he has to escape from his enemy, the evil Sordid the Sorcerer.
- A song by the band Phish is titled "Prince Caspian" and features what may be "the sound of horse's hooves galloping under water" and the repeating lyric, "Oh to be Prince Caspian, afloat upon the waves... with nothing to return to but the demons in their caves."
- The Swedish Christian progressive metal band, Narnia [2], is named after the series.
- The Discworld series of humorous fantasy novels by Terry Pratchett contain occasional references to wardrobes that lead to magical lands, although none of the wardrobes encountered thus far in the series are known to do so.
- In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic vol. 2, #1, reference is made in a text fragment to the apple tree from The Magician's Nephew. A text piece in #2 refers to the possibility of making a wardrobe from it.
- In Fables comic vol. 1, it's mentioned that one of the worlds that fell to the Adversary was a land ruled by a lion whom the Fables residents considered to be a bit "holier-than-thou".
- The expression "so far back in the closet they're in Narnia" is used humorously to describe a gay person who is deeply closeted, often to the extent of not realizing their own sexual orientation, or not admitting it to themselves. Such people are also sometimes referred to as "Narnians".
- Aslan ry is a Finnish Christian fundamentalist group which advocates reparative therapy for homosexuals, complete with a lionhead as their logo.
- One of the time portals in the Chrono Trigger console role-playing game is a wardrobe.
- Narnia is used as the theme of a ballet in Come a Stranger [Dicey's Song perspective of Mina], part of the Tillerman Cycle, by Cynthia Voigt.
- The singer Aselin Debison is named after Aslan the Lion. Though spelled differently, the two names are pronounced the same way.
- In the graphic novel Associated Student Bodies, Jesus is depicted as an anthropomorphic lion.
- The Traveller role-playing game contains a leonine race known as the Aslan.
- Marcy Playground produced a song called The Ballad of Aslan for their record Zog Bog Bean.
- An episode of X-Men: Evolution was titled The Toad, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
- An episode of Sabrina The Teenage Witch was titled "The Lyin', the Witch and the Wardrobe".
- A song by Spanish Christian musician Marcos Vidal is called "Aslan" [Nada Especial - Vida Music, 1993]. It talks about God's love, using the image of a lion and its roar.
- On the ABC series Lost, one of the books in the hatch is The Magician's Nephew
- In the final issue of Books of Magick: Life During Wartime Hunter travels from Fairie to Earth via Wardrobe.
[edit]
Further reading
- Duriez,Colin. A Field Guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press, 2004.
- Ford, Paul. Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition. HarperSanFrancisco, revised edition 2005.
- Ditchfield, Christin. A Family Guide to Narnia: Biblical Truths in C.S. Lewis's the Chronicles of Narnia. Crossway Books, 2003.
- Bruner, Kurt & Ware, Jim. Finding God in the Land of Narnia. Tyndale House Publishers, 2005.
- Williams, Thomas. The Heart of the Chronicles of Narnia: Knowing God Here by Finding Him There. W Publishing Group, 2005.
- Wagner, Richard. C.S. Lewis & Narnia For Dummies. For Dummies, 2005.
- A Guide for Using The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in the Classroom. Teacher Created Resources, 2000.
- The Lion, Witch & Wardrobe Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1993.
- The Magician's Nephew Study Guide. Progeny Press, 1997.
- Prince Caspian Study Guide. Progeny Press, 2003.
[edit]
External links
- The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch & the Wardrobe (2005) at the Internet Movie Database
- Narnia's lion really is about Jesus
- The Lion King: C.S. Lewis' Narnia isn't simply a Christian allegory., Meghan O'Rourke, Slate magazine, 9 December 2005
- RapidNet.com — C. S. Lewis FAQ
- The Proper Order of The Chronicles of Narnia: A Case for Publication Order
- Narnia.com — Disney Narnia movie official website
- NarniaFans.com — Dedicated to the Chronicles of Narnia
- Narniaweb.com — In-depth news and discussion of the Narnia books and films
- C. S. Lewis on Wikiquote.
- The Lion's Wardrobe — A Narnia RPG and Discussion forum
- Narnia Confidential — A wiki devoted to The Chronicles of Narnia
[edit]
References
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}}
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|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
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}}}|2="For the Love of Narnia"}}
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|, vol. 52
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|, no. {{{Number|15}}}
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}}
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|…
}} (2005){{if
|1={{{Journal|{{{Periodical|}}}}}}
|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
|2=, {{if
|1={{{1|}}}
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|3={{{2|}}}
}}}|2="J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All"}}
}}, {{{Journal|{{{Periodical}}}}}}{{if
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|, vol. 166
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|, no. {{{Number|4}}}
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|, pp.
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}}
}}
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|…
}} (2005){{if
|1={{{Journal|{{{Periodical|}}}}}}
|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
|2=, {{if
|1={{{1|}}}
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|3={{{2|}}}
}}}|2="Narnia Christian link played down"}}
}}, {{{Journal|{{{Periodical}}}}}}{{if
|{{{Volume|}}}
|, vol.
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|, no. {{{Number|}}}
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|, pp.
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}}
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}} (2005){{if
|1={{{Journal|{{{Periodical|}}}}}}
|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
|2=, {{if
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|3={{{2|}}}
}}}|2="The Problem with Susan"}}
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|, no. {{{Number|}}}
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}}
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|1={{{Journal|{{{Periodical|}}}}}}
|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
|2=, {{if
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|2=[ {{{2|}}}]
|3={{{2|}}}
}}}|2="Lipstick on My Scholar"}}
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}}
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|1={{{Journal|{{{Periodical|}}}}}}
|2={{if
|1={{{Title|}}}
|2=, {{if
|1={{{1|}}}
|2=[ {{{2|}}}]
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}} (2005){{if
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|1={{{Title|}}}
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}}}|2="Talking Narnia to Your Neighbors"}}
}}, {{{Journal|{{{Periodical}}}}}}{{if
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|, no. {{{Number|November/December}}}
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}}}|2="{{{Chapter|{{{Contribution}}}}}}"}} in {{if
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}}
| The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis The World of Narnia | ||
| Books | Characters | Places |
bg:Хрониките на Нарния cs:Letopisy Narnie de:Chroniken von Narnia es:Las Crónicas de Narnia eo:Kronikoj de Narnio ko:나르니아 연대기 is:Ævintýralandið Narnía it:Cronache di Narnia ja:ナルニア国ものがたり nl:Kronieken van Narnia pl:Opowieści z Narnii pt:As Crônicas de Nárnia sv:Narnia zh:那裡亞故事集 he:האריה, המכשפה וארון הבגדים
