Pe̍h-oē-jī
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Pe̍h-oē-jī (POJ) (Chinese: 白話字; pinyin: báihuà zì) is a romanization created and introduced to Taiwan by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. POJ is a popular orthography for the Taiwanese language, and Min nan in general. A version exists for Hakka and is particularly well-suited for the Siyen dialect.
In POJ, the traditional list of letters is
- a b ch chh e g h i j k kh l m n ng o o· p ph s t th (ts) u
Twenty-four in all, including the obsolete ts, which was used to represent the modern ch at some places. The additional necessities are the nasal symbol ⁿ (superscript n; the capital form is seldom used), and the tonal diacritics.
Contents |
Origins of the Name
According to Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (張學謙), the name Pe̍h-oē-jī, which literally means "script for the spoken language", is used to discriminate it from the other major written forms of the Han language, namely Literary Chinese and Vernacular Chinese. Literary Chinese (文言文), was used in poems and essays throughout Chinese history prior to the May-Forth movement. Since then, Vernacular Chinese (白话文), is now used widely in China and other places where Chinese migrants have settled. Both Vernacular Chinese and Pe̍h-oē-jī corresponds to some form of spoken Chinese, the former being Mandarin, and the latter being Taiwanese.
Pe̍h-oē-jī is also called the Church Romanization, but advocates of Pe̍h-oē-jī do not support the use of this name. This is chiefly because it implies the Church, where in actual fact, usage of Pe̍h-oē-jī is often out of the context of the Church.
History of Pe̍h-oē-jī
Pe̍h-oē-jī, as a romanization system in Taiwan, was preceded by the script found in the Sinckan Manuscripts (which literally means "Language of the New Port"), which originated in the 17th century during when Taiwan was under Dutch influence/colonial rule. Sinckan scripts were used up till the 19th century. Pe̍h-oē-jī, as a romanization system, can be applied not only to the aboriginal languages of Taiwan, but also the to the Hoklo and the Hakka language.
In 1860, under the Tianjin Treaty, foreign missionaries were allowed to preach in China. Catholic and Protestant missionaries flocked to Taiwan soon after. Churches, most prominently the Presbyterian church, began advocating the use of Pe̍h-oē-jī. In 1865, Dr James L. Maxwell (1836-1921) spearheaded the missionary movement, setting up a missionary base in Tainan.
Actually, before these missionaries went to Taiwan, they had already been in South-eastern China and in the migrant Chinese communities in South-east Asia for a long time, and had begun romanizing the Min-nan and Hakka languages. Many dictionaries have been published. One, called A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular, spoken Throughout the prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa (廈門音新字典, Ē-MN̂G IM Ê JĪ-TIÁN), published 1913, is still in use today in Taiwan.
While Pe̍h-oē-jī was originally a missionary tool for Christian missions, it also has the practical benefits of being easy to read, learn and write. According to Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam, Pe̍h-oē-jī even helps the learning of Hanzi.
Books in Pe̍h-oē-jī
Due to its Christian origins, Christian works make up a significant proportion of all works in Pe̍h-oē-jī. The first New Testament in Pe̍h-oē-jī (Lan e Kiu-chu Ia-so. Ki-tok e Sin-iok) was published in 1873. The Old Testament (Ku-iok e Seng Keng) was published later in 1884. The publications of these books was a driving force for the spread of the Church. The first of the Prefecture of Taiwan Church Newsletter, published 1885, was also written in Pe̍h-oē-jī.
Apart from Christianity, works in such areas as Literature, Mathematics, Medicine have also been published in Pe̍h-oē-jī.
Suppression Under Japanese Rule
The 1880s was the peak period of Pe̍h-oē-jī's development, with ten thousands of users. An important contributing factor was that the Qing government did not suppress its usage. So great was its growth was that at the end of Qing rule, usage of Pe̍h-oē-jī was not limited to the Presbyterians only, but also attained much usage in the general population.
Nevertheless, as Taiwan became a Japanese colony, the use of Pe̍h-oē-jī was suppressed in preference to Katakana. In 1922, anti-Japanese movements led to the establishment of the Taiwanese Culture Association?. Following which, Cai Peihuo enthusiastically proposed to the association to designate promoting of Pe̍h-oē-jī as one of its main tasks, which it took up in 1924. The associate decided to publish books in Pe̍h-oē-jī. However, Cai met a setback when he went up to the Japanese colonial government to apply for a permit start study classes on Pe̍h-oē-jī. Not only was the proposal overthrown by the Japanese, but the Japanese police undertook violent measures to silence and ban it.
Since then, the Japanese attitude toward the Taiwanese tongue became all too obvious. The Taiwan Church Newsletter (台灣教會公報, formerly Prefecture of Taiwan Church Newsletter [台灣府城教會報]), written in Pe̍h-oē-jī, was banned during World War Two. This is because the spread of Japanese was hampered by the use of Pe̍h-oē-jī. When World War Two broke out, Japan finally took greater steps to suppress the use of even the Taiwanese tongue itself.
When the KMT took over China, it took similar steps to enforce use of the national language, Mandarin, while suppressing use of Pe̍h-oē-jī. Numerous examples illustrate the KMT's attack on the use of Pe̍h-oē-jī. In 1969, it forbade the its use in the Church Newsletter. In 1973, copies of Embree's Taiwanese-English Dictionary were confiscated and banned. In 1975, new translations of the Bible into Pe̍h-oē-jī were also banned. In 1984 the Ministry of Education wrote a letter to Internal Affairs to prohibit its use when preaching. Other material in Pe̍h-oē-jī were soon outlawed too.
Development Since the 1990s
1990年代以後「白話字」的發展 由陳鄭弘堯翻譯、「5%台譯計劃」所出版之世界兒童文學名著 --- 安徒生的《賣火柴的小女孩》 --- 一書的封面。本書出版於1997年，內文使用漢羅並用的台語文。 放大 由陳鄭弘堯翻譯、「5%台譯計劃」所出版之世界兒童文學名著 --- 安徒生的《賣火柴的小女孩》 --- 一書的封面。本書出版於1997年，內文使用漢羅並用的台語文。
隨著台灣解嚴以後政治上的自由化，曾經因為倍受打壓而沉寂了一段時間的白話字，也在母語運動參與者的推動下慢慢重新恢復生機。1990年代民進黨執政的一些縣市，開始用白話字編小學的台語文教科書，這是白話字第一次正式進入公部門所設立的學校裡面。這個時候，國民黨改變過去對付白話字的高壓策略，改採「分而治之」的手段，由其所掌控的國語推行委員會另外公佈TLPA系統，和白話字相對抗，造成台語文寫作者和推行者之間的內部矛盾(張學謙 2004)。
不過，母語運動的推行者依然以民間自發性的力量，透過種種不同的台語文書寫方式(包括白話字)，對台灣本土語言的書寫進行種種的實驗。比如說《台文通訊》、《台文罔報》、《台灣字》、《TGB通訊》、《台灣鄉土雜誌》等刊物，1以及「5%台譯計劃」、「台灣羅馬字協會」等團體，都對白話字在1990年代以後的推展有很大的貢獻(蔣為文 2001；陳鄭弘堯 nd)。
此外，由於電腦在現代文字書寫中所扮演的角色越來越重要，也開始有台語文運動的推行者開始進行各種將白話字加以現代化、電腦化的工作。比如說，目前已經開發了好幾套和白話字相關的電腦文書處理系統(見鄭良偉 1993；蘇芝萌 1995等)，也已經有了網路上的線上字典、百科全書等。2004年6月底，ISO(國際標準組織)已經通過戴凱序 (Tè Khái-sū)、陳柏中以及陳鄭弘堯聯名申請將白話字元號加入萬國碼（Unicode）的提案，所有的白話字元號已經都包含在國際標準裡面(張學謙 2004)。 [編輯]
注釋
1.陳鄭弘堯 (nd)一共列出了25本臺語文的相關刊物，其中有不少是採用白話字當作書寫工具的。關於沒有在這裡列出來的相關刊物，可以參考該文。 [編輯]
參考出處
(按照作者姓氏漢語拼音順序排列)
* 陳鄭弘堯，nd，母語刊物，見圖書館 [online]。np ：暗光鳥e厝。[引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[2]。 * 董芳苑，1996，論長老教會與台灣的現代化，見張炎憲、陳美蓉、黎中光編，台灣近百年史論文集，頁183-206。臺北：財團法人吳三連台灣史料基金會。 * Douglas, Carstairs. 1873. Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-Chew and Chin-Chew Dialects. supplement by Thomas Barclay. London: Trubner & Co. * 甘為霖編輯，1965，廈門音新字典，9版。臺南：台灣教會公報社。 * 蔣為文，2001，白話字，囝仔人teh用e文字？：台灣教會白話字e社會語言學分析 [online]。np：脫漢中心。[引用於2005年1月5日]。全球資訊網網址：[3]。 * 酒井亨，2003，台語羅馬字的衰退係外來政權鎮壓的後果 [online]。np：華、台語注音符號教學首頁。6月11日 [引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[4]。 * Medhurst, Walter Henry. 1832. A Dictionary of the Hok-Keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms. Macao: Honorable East India Company's Press. * 蘇芝萌，1995，HOTsystems鶴佬台文系統。np：蘇芝萌出版。 * Tada, Kei，2000a，Fw: POJ subok [online]。np：Tai-gu-bang 倉庫。6月4日 [引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[5]。 * Tada, Kei，2000b，Fw: subok [online]。np：Tai-gu-bang 倉庫。9月7日 [引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[6]。 * 楊允言，nd，POJ書目 [online]。np：允言 Un-gian e台語文網頁。[引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[7]。 * 張學謙，nd，白話字是啥？，見教學區 [online]。np：張學謙e台語文網站。[引用於 2005年1月5日]。全球資訊網網址：[8]。 * 張學謙，2004，白話字世俗化、本土化kap現代化的歷程 [online]。np：Tai-gu-bang 倉庫。9月13日 [引用於2005年1月7日]。全球資訊網網址：[9]。 * 張裕宏，nd，白話字基本論：台語文對應＆相關的議題淺說 [online]。np：允言Un-gian e台語文網頁。[引用於2005年1月5日]。全球資訊網網址：[10]。 * 鄭良偉，1993，台語電腦文書處理系統使用手冊。臺北：前衛。
[編輯]
相關條目 Wikipedia 維基百科有這種語言的站點:
白話字維基百科
* 台灣基督長老教會 * 台灣羅馬字協會 * 台語文 * 台語文歷史 * 新港文書 * 台灣話 * 蔡培火 * 話音字
[編輯]
外部連結 [編輯]
「白話字」相關資源
* 國立臺東師範學院語文教育學系：台語羅馬字進修教學網站 * 允言 Ún-giân ê台語文網頁：白話字-漢字線上字典 * 台語/華語線頂辭典：白話字Unicode介面(要在Wikipedia上寫白話字必須採用該系統) * Wikipedia ê Holopedia：白話字的百科全書 * 白話字和萬國碼：字型及軟體開發 * Taiwan Buffalo International：白話字研究 * 台灣羅馬字協會官方網站
[編輯]
「白話字」相關書目
* 允言 Ún-giân ê台語文網頁：白話字書目 * 暗光鳥ê厝：圖書館
[編輯]
「白話字」重要文獻
* 台灣白話字的Unicode符號（非最新版）
取自"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97"
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