Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
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The Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) is a rapid transit system which forms the backbone of the railway system in Singapore, serving almost half of Singapore's population of four million with a network spanning the entire city-state. The initial section of the MRT, between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh, was opened in 1987, establishing the MRT as the second oldest metro system in Southeast Asia after the system in Manila. The network has rapidly grown ever since, as the country aims to develop a comprehensive rail network and reduce dependency on road-based systems such as the bus network. The MRT also works in conjunction with the Light Rapid Transit (LRT) system, which links the MRT stations with public housing (HDB) estates.[1]
As of 2004, the daily ridership on the MRT and LRT networks hovers at about 1.3 million per day — a figure which pales in comparison to the 2.8 million daily ridership on the bus network.[2] The gap is narrowing as the rail network expands, and bus services are often withdrawn or amended to avoid duplication of services.
The lines are constructed by the Land Transport Authority, with operating concessions given to SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit. These operators also run bus and taxi services, thus ensuring that there is a full integration of public transport services in Singapore.
Contents |
The Mass Rapid Transit network
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History of the MRT
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The history of Mass Rapid Transit can be traced back to 1967, when city planners forecasted the need for a rail-based urban transport system by the year 1992. Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, the parliament came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, since it would have to compete for road space in the land scarce country.
The S$5 billion construction of the Mass Rapid Transit network was Singapore's largest public works project at the time, commencing on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road. The network was constructed in stages, with the North South Line given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC, later named SMRT Corporation), was established on 14 October 1983. It took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.[3]
On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North South Line, consisting of five stations over six kilometres went into operation. 15 more stations were later opened and the MRT system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore. On 6 July 1990, after 21 other stations were added, Boon Lay station on the East West Line was opened, marking the completion of the system, two years ahead of schedule.
The Mass Rapid Transit has had subsequent expansions in both stations and infrastructure. These include the S$1.2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands, completing a continuous loop. The concept of having rail lines which would bring people almost directly to their home led to the introduction of the Light Rapid Transit (LRT) system into the existing Mass Rapid Transit network. On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line went into operation. In order to promote tourism, the Changi Airport and Expo stations were built. The North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003 and became one of the first fully-automated heavy rail lines in the world.
Safety on the MRT
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Numerous measures have been taken by operators and authorities to ensure the safety of passengers travelling on the system. Safety campaign posters are highly visible in stations and trains, and announcements are made frequently as safety reminders to passengers. Fire safety standards are established according to guidelines set out by the US's National Fire Protection Association.
Bylaws are implemented in the system to deter uncivil, disruptive or dangerous acts, such as smoking, consumption of food and drinks, frivolous use of safety features, and going down onto the railway tracks. Penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment have been imposed for such offences. [4]
Platform screen doors are installed at all underground stations. These doors serve to prevent suicides, enable climate control within the station and restrict access into unauthorized areas. Above-ground stations have open platforms, with a wide yellow line drawn along each platform edge for passengers to stand at a safe distance from arriving trains.
Safety concerns were raised among the public when several accidents occurred, but most problems have since been rectified. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi station due to an oil spillage on the track, resulting in 132 people injured. There were incidents of passengers deaths caused by falling into tracks and being hit by trains at above-ground stations, but the authorities have decided against installation of platform screen doors due to doubts over functionality and concerns of high installation costs.[5]
Security on the MRT
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Security concerns of the Mass Rapid Transit related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners at its original inception.[6] However, in the wake of heightened security concerns after the foiled plot to bomb Yishun MRT Station[7] and the Madrid train bombings in 2004, public transport operators began employing private unarmed guards to patrol the station platforms and check the belongings of commuters.
Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended. Plans have also been announced to install digital closed circuit cameras inside trains operated by SMRT Corporation, in line with existing fixtures in Alstom Metropolis trains on the North East Line.[8] Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platform and concourse levels to eliminate the risk of bombs being planted in them.
On 14 April 2005, the Singapore Police Force announced its plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised Police MRT Unit.[9] These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains. They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion, including "shoot to kill" if deemed necessary.[10]
Station facilities, amenities and services
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All MRT stations are either above-ground or underground except for Bishan which is at ground level. All stations on the North East Line are underground. Underground stations are often deep enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and act as bomb shelters. [11]
Every station has at least four General Ticketing Machines (GTMs), a Passenger Service Centre, as well as LED displays and plasma display screens which show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones, although some restrooms are located on street level. Some stations, especially the major ones, have additional amenities and services such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores (7-Eleven or Cheers), automatic teller machines, and self-service automated kiosks for a myriad of services.
The popular tabloid Today is distributed every morning at all stations, while an afternoon edition is distributed at some stations located within the Central Business District, such as City Hall and Tanjong Pagar.
The older stations on the North South Line and East West Line were not originally constructed with fully accessible facilities, such as lifts, ramps, tactile guidance system and toilets for the handicapped. However, these facilities are being progressively installed as part of a program to make all stations accessible to the elderly and the handicapped[12][13]. As of December 2005, 12 stations are undergoing retrofitting so that they will be handicapped-accessible by early 2007.
Fares and tickets
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}} Fares on the MRT system are distance-based, increasing in fixed stages for standard non-concessionary travel. Fares on SBS Transit's lines are slightly higher compared to those operated by SMRT Corporation, a disparity which SBS Transit justified by citing higher operational and maintenance costs, and lower ridership. Fares have been increasing in recent years despite complaints from the public.[14]
Magnetic tickets (1987-2001)
Image:Farecard-adult.gif When the MRT first came into operation in 1987, fares ranged from S$0.50 to S$1.10 in S$0.10 increments for all adult tickets, regardless of whether they were single-trip or stored value tickets. Several concessionary fares were available. Senior citizens and permanent residents above the age of 60 could travel on a flat fare S$0.50 during off-peak hours. Children below the height of 1.2 metres, and full time students studying in primary, secondary, pre-university and vocational training (VITB) institutions paid a flat fare of S$0.30 at all times.
Magnetic strip plastic tickets were used and they came in various forms. The single trip ticket, coloured in green, was valid only on the day of purchase, and it had a time allowance of 30 minutes above the travelling time. They can be purchased from ticket vending machines at any MRT station, and were retained at the faregates upon exiting the paid area of the destination station. Stored value tickets were called farecards, and there were three types: the blue farecard for adults, the magenta farecard for senior citizens and the red farecard for children.
In addition, monthly concession tickets were available in four values: The beige, pink, and purple tickets for primary, tertiary students, and full time national servicemen came with a value of S$13, $30 and S$36 respectively, while the peach ticket for secondary, pre-university and VITB students cost S$17 each. These concession tickets had a validity of one month from the date of purchase, allowed up to four trips per day, and were non-transferable.
EZ-Link card and Standard Ticket (2001–present)
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Image:EZ-Link.jpg The EZ-Link card is a contactless smartcard for payments in Singapore, mainly used for transportation based on Sony's FeliCa smartcard technology. Established in 2001, it was promoted as a means for speedier transactions with less hassle and for preventing fare cheats, although there have been some cases of overcharging the commuters.[15]
Standard Ticket (single trip) adult fares are S$0.90 to S$4.10, excluding the S$1.00 refundable ticket deposit. With the EZ-Link card, fares are reduced to between S$0.65 and S$2.98. Concession fares are also available for children, students, senior citizens and national servicemen. The Visitor's Card which offers a package of services to tourists can also be used as an EZ-Link card.
Students are given free personalised cards, complete with their photos, name and national identification number. Regardless of its type, each card is assigned a unique card ID that can be used to recover the card if lost and for lucky draws. At each station, there are several General Ticketing Machines (GTMs) that allow commuters to add value into their cards and to purchase or claim a refund for their Standard Tickets.
MRT rolling stock
- Main articles : C151 Cars, C651 Cars, C751B Cars and Alstom Metropolis Cars
Three variations of rolling stock can be found on both the North South Line and the East West Line. They are powered by 750 volts DC third rail, operate in sets of 6 cars[16], and utilise the automatic train operation system (ATO) that is similar to London Underground's Victoria Line.
396 C151 Cars, forming the majority of the fleet, are the oldest trains that are still in operation today. They were built between between 1986 and 1989, and were manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in consortium with Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corp and Kinki Sharyo. Plan for a S$142.7-million upgrade of these trains is currently under way and will be completed by 2008.[17]
114 C651 Cars, manufactured by Siemens of Germany, were purchased in 1994 to complement the existing fleet of C151 trains when the Woodlands extension opened.[18] Some of the trains have been previously reconfigured in experimental programs to accommodate more passengers, but such arrangements have since been abandoned.
Between 1998 and 2001, 126 C751B Cars built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Nippon Sharyo in a joint venture were introduced. The cars have a sleeker design and come with improved passenger information system, more grab poles, wider seats, more spaces near the doors and spaces for wheelchairs. As these trains were originally intended to operate on a direct service from Boon Lay to Changi Airport, luggage racks were installed on these trains for air travellers.[19] However in April 2002, faulty gearboxes forced all 21 train-sets to be off-service and the service was temporarily suspended.[20] The direct service was scrapped in July 2003 and the luggage racks were removed.[21]
150 driverless Alstom Metropolis Cars have been operating on the North East Line since its opening in 2003. Alstom Transportation of France was contracted by Land Transport Authority in 1997 and 1998 to supply these cars. They are fully automatic, powered by overhead lines on 1500 volts DC, and are the first trains to have closed circuit cameras (CCTV) installed within their interiors. A further order of 120 cars are due to be delivered when the Circle Line begins operations in 2007.[22][23]
Depots
SMRT Corporation has three train depots - The Bishan depot is the central maintenance depot with train overhaul facilities, while the Changi and Ulu Pandan depots only inspect and house trains overnight.[24] Ang Mo Kio, Jurong East and Tanah Merah stations were built with a third middle track for off-service trains to stop at before they returned to their depots, but the latter two are now used as termini for the North South Line and the Changi shuttle respectively.
The Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East Line, the Sengkang LRT and the Punggol LRT, all operated by SBS Transit. The underground Kim Chuan Depot for the Circle Line is currently under construction and will be ready by 2006.
Art on the MRT
When the North South Line and the East West Line were initially constructed, the contractors did not build the stations with specific themes or identities in mind. The stations mainly consisted of similar architectural designs, with a few paintings or sculpture representing the recent past of Singapore put up on some major stations. Even then, such cultural additions are seldom highlighted.
At the opening of North East Line, a series of artworks created under a programme called "The Art In Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority. Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations' interior architecture, these artworks aim to promote the appreciation of public art in frequently traversed environments. The artwork for each station is specifically designed to suit the station's identity. Only stations on the North East Line come under this programme.[25]
Future expansion
Circle Line
Image:Construction of Bishan MRT Circle Line 2005-03-29.JPG
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Image:Singapore mrt lrt system map future.png
Boon Lay Extension
Plan for the Boon Lay MRT Extension (BLE) was announced by the Land Transport Authority on 29 December 2004. The 3.8 kilometre, 2 station line will extend from Boon Lay MRT Station on the western end of the East West MRT Line, with one station along Jurong West Street 63 between Jurong West Street 61 and Pioneer Road North, and the second station at Joo Koon Circle, near the junction of Benoi Road and International Road.
The fully elevated line will cost about S$436 million, with construction planned to commence in the second half of 2005, and completion targeted at 2009. The extension's alignment along Jurong West Street 63, Upper Jurong Road, and International Road required the acquisition of 28,000 square metres of land.[26]
Circle Line Downtown Extension
On 14 June 2005, the Land Transport Authority announced that it would be constructing a Downtown Extension (DTE) of the MRT to serve the Downtown at Marina Bay (DTMB) area, where an integrated resort and Singapore's second botanical gardens will be located. The 3.4 km fully underground extension is estimated to cost S$1.4 billion. Construction of the extension is to begin by 2007 and complete by 2012.
Three new stations will be constructed underground linking the Promenade station on the Circle Line and the Chinatown station on the North East Line. Two stations tentatively named Bayfront and Landmark will be built to serve the DTMB area. Another station Cross Street will also be built along Cross Street near the Chinatown area.[27]
Other future lines
The Bukit Timah Line, when constructed, is expected to alleviate heavy traffic along the Bukit Timah corridor. The Eastern Region Line and Jurong Region Line will benefit residents at both ends of the East West Line. These three projects, costing more than S$11 billion, are expected to be completed between 2015 and 2020.[28]
There are several other proposed MRT lines in various concept and master plans formulated by the Land Transport Authority and Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). It is expected that many of these lines will not be built in the near future, and if built, the final routes, alignments, and names for these lines may differ from what are currently proposed.
Notes
- ^ "A World-Class Land Transport System" (Online summary version), Land Transport Authority, Retrieved 7 December 2005
- ^ "Singapore Land Transport: Statistics In Brief 2005", Land Transport Authority, Retrieved 7 December 2005
- ^ "1992 - The Year Work Began", Land Transport Authority, Retrieved 7 December 2005
- ^ "Rapid Transit Systems Act (Chapter 263A, Section 42)", Singapore Statues Online, Retrieved December 7 2005
- ^ "Safety at MRT and LRT Stations - 'Respect The Yellow Line'", Land Transport Authority, Retrieved November 20 2005
- ^ López, M.J.J. (1996), Den Haag: RCM-advies, "Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems", pg. 35-39.
- ^ "The Link of the Yishun Videotape", Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore) Press Release, January 24 2002
- ^ "CCTVs at 35 elevated MRT stations to have recording capability by Oct 2004", Johnson Choo, Channel NewsAsia, 7 August 2004
- ^ "MRT stations to have armed police officers on patrol", Dominique Loh, Channel NewsAsia, May 2 2005
- ^ "Special armed police unit begins MRT patrols", Johnson Choo, Channel NewsAsia, August 15 2005
- ^ "Civil Defence Shelter Programme", Singapore Civil Defence Force, Retrieved 7 December 2005
- ^ "Tactile tiles to help blind navigate Singapore's MRT stations", Asha Popatlal, Channel NewsAsia, March 12 2004
- ^ Land Transport Authority et al, Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Get a Lift-up!", pg. 10.
- ^ "Public transport fare hike not justified as SMRT still profitable: CASE", Yvonne Cheong, Channel NewsAsia, April 14 2005
- ^ "Buses and the not so ez-link", Ansley Ng, Today Online, May 20 2005
- ^ "Train and System Information" (Trains), SMRT Corporation, Retrieved November 7 2005
- ^ "Fair grounds for fare hikes?", Tor Ching Li, Today Online, May 4 2005
- ^ "References - Metro System, MRTC, Six-Car Units, Singapore", Siemens AG, Retrieved December 7 2005
- ^ "Commencement of revenue service at Changi Airport Station", SMRT Corporation Press Release, February 6 2002
- ^ "Temporary Suspension of Boon Lay - Changi Airport Through Service", SMRT Corporation Press Release, April 23 2002
- ^ "Shuttle Train Service Between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport Stations", SMRT Corporation Press Release, July 17 2003
- ^ "Metropolis in Singapore", Alstom Transportation, Retrieved November 7 2005
- ^ Land Transport Authority et al, Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Safe, Sound and Fully Automated", pg. 8-9.
- ^ "Train and System Information" (Stations), SMRT Corporation, Retrieved November 7 2005
- ^ "Art in Transit brochure", Land Transport Authority, Retrieved 7 December 2005
- ^ "Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension", Land Transport Authority Press Release, December 29 2004.
- ^ "Expanding The Rail Network With Downtown Extension", Land Transport Authority Press Release, June 14 2005.
- ^ "Other Rail Projects", Land Transport Authority, Retrieved 7 December 2005
References
Academic publications
- Sock, Y.P. and Walder, Jay H. (1999), Singapore’s Public Transport.
- Ilsa Sharp, (2005), SNP:Editions, The Journey - Singapore's Land Transport Story.
Corporate and governmental sources
- Land Transport Authority, Singapore (1996) A World Class Land Transport System. White Paper presented to Parliament, 2 January. ISBN 9971884887
- Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1993) Stored Value - A Decade of the MRTC. ISBN 9810050348
- Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1987) The MRT Story. ISBN 9810002513
- Singapore MRT Limited (1987) MRT Guide Book. ISBN 9810001509
See also
- Chewing gum ban in Singapore
- Light Rapid Transit
- Transport in Singapore
- SMRT Corporation
- SBS Transit
- List of Singapore MRT stations
- List of Circle MRT Line station names
Links
- SMRT Corporation Official Site
- SBS Transit Official Site
- Official system map, Land Transport Authority
- UrbanRail Singapore
- Singapore's Rail Transit System
fr:Métro de Singapour id:MRT nl:Mass Rapid Transit Singapore ja:シンガポールの鉄道 zh:新加坡地鐵 ta:சிங்கை துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்
