Divisions of Islam

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Part of the series on Islam Image:Mosque02.pngHistory of Islam

Beliefs and practices

Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer · Fasting Pilgrimage · Charity

Major figures

Muhammad Ali · Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam

Texts & law

Qur'an · Hadith · Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad

Branches of Islam

Sunni · Shi'a · Sufi

Sociopolitical aspects

Art · Architecture Cities · Calendar Science · Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Political Islam · Jihad Liberal Islam

See also

Vocabulary of Islam Index of articles on Islam

The religion of Islam has many divisions, sects, schools, traditions, and related faiths.

This page attempts to record and summarize these various beliefs.

Contents 1 Major Denominations 1.1 Sunni 1.2 Shi'a 1.3 Sufi 2 Sunni schools of thought 2.1 Hanafi 2.2 Hanbali 2.3 Maliki 2.4 Shafi'i 3 Kalam Schools 3.1 Asharite 3.2 Jabriyya 3.3 Maturidi 3.4 Murjite 3.5 Mu'tazili 3.6 Qadariyya 4 Shi'a Sects 4.1 Jafari 4.2 Ismailiyah 4.3 Zaiddiyah 4.4 Alawi 4.5 Alevi 5 Kharijite Sects 5.1 Sufri 5.2 Azraqi 5.3 Ibadi 6 Other sects 6.1 Ahmadiyyah 6.2 Moorish Science 6.3 Nation of Islam 6.4 Submitters 7 Other movements within sects 7.1 Zikri 7.2 Wahhabism 7.3 Salafism 7.4 Deobandi 7.5 Liberals 7.6 Islamism 8 Related Faiths 8.1 Yazidi 8.2 Druze 8.3 Bábism 8.4 Bahá'í 8.5 Five Percenters 9 See also

Major Denominations

Sunni

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}} Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam - the Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama'ah.

According to Sunni thought, Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Muslim community. After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr, the Prophet's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph.

Sunnis initially believed that the position of Caliph should be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Calliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, there has never been another Caliph.

Shi'a

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}} Shi'a Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam.

Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali was appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslims. They regard him as the first Imam, which continued as a hereditary position through a total of 12 Imams. The Shi'a Hadiths include the sayings of the Imams.

Sufi

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}} An umbrella term for the ascetic and mystical movements within Islam, Sufism is the school of esoteric Islamic philosophy, based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain.

Sunni schools of thought

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}} Madhhab is an Islamic term that refers to a school of thought or religious jurisprudence, or fiqh, within Sunni Islam. Each of the Ashaab had a unique school of jurisprudence, but these schools were gradually consolidated or discarded so that there are currently four recognized schools

Hanafi

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}} Founded by Imam Abu Hanifa, Hanafi is considered to be the school most open to modern ideas. It is predominant among Sunni Muslims in northern Egypt and the Indian subcontinent.

Hanbali

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}} Hanbali is considered to be the most conservative of the four schools. The school was started by the students of Imam Ahmad, whose name was Ahmad bin Hanbal (d. 855). Hanbali jurisprudence is predominant among Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula

Maliki

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}} The Maliki school derives from the work of Imam Malik. Maliki is practiced in North Africa and West Africa. It is the second-largest of the four schools, followed by approximately 25% of Muslims.

Shafi'i

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}} Shafi'i was founded by Imam Shafi'i. It is practiced throughout the Ummah, but is most prevalent in Egypt, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines, and is the school of thought officially followed by the government of Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia. It is followed by approximately 15% of Muslims world-wide.

Kalam Schools

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Asharite

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Jabriyya

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Maturidi

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Murjite

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Mu'tazili

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Qadariyya

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Shi'a Sects

Jafari

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Ismailiyah

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Zaiddiyah

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Alawi

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Alevi

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Kharijite Sects

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Sufri

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Azraqi

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Ibadi

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Other sects

The followers of these sects consider themselves to be Muslim, but are not recognized as such by the mainstream.

Ahmadiyyah

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}} Ahmadi Muslims are followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who claimed to be the promised Messiah, and Mahdi at end of the nineteenth century. The followers are divided into two groups, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, the former believing that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a non-law bearing Prophet, and the latter believing that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was only a revivalist.

Moorish Science

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}} This faith was founded by Timothy Drew in 1913 in the United States. Its main tenet is that African Americans were descended from the Moors and thus were originally Islamic. Its followers claim it to be a sect of Islam but it also has almost equal influences in Buddhism, Christianity, Freemasonry, Gnosticism and Taoism. They have their own version of Qur'an, known as the "Circle Seven Koran".

Nation of Islam

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}} The Nation of Islam was founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 with a declared aim of "resurrecting" the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of the black man and woman of America and the world. The expressed teachings of the Nation of Islam have been subject to many changes, with at one point believing Fard to be God incarnate, being re-named the Muslim American Society, having a major division, and then a reconciliation. It is viewed by almost all Muslims as a heretical cult.

Submitters

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}} Dr. Rashad Khalifa founded this faith. It is regarded by most Muslims as heretical based on the belief that Rashad Khalifa was the consolidating and purifying Messenger of the Covenant prophesied in the Bible and Qur'an. The main group seems to attend the Tucson, Arizona mosque founded by Khalifa. They follow a Quran Alone rule, and reject Hadith.

Other movements within sects

Zikri

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Wahhabism

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Salafism

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Deobandi

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Liberals

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Islamism

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}}

Islamism is a term that refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various fundamentalist views, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but a political system governing the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. The religious views of Islamist organizations vary. The most prominent group is probably Al-Qaeda, which is believed to be responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks. Other groups include the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party in Egypt, and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Although violence is often employed by some organizations as a means to an end, not all Islamist movements are violent.

Related Faiths

The followers of these religions do not consider themselves to be Muslim, but have a strong connection to the religion of Islam.

Yazidi

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}} The Yazidi are adherents of a small Middle Eastern religion whose followers are sometimes called "devil worshippers" by mainstream Muslims. They are primarily ethnic Kurds, and most Yazidis live near Mosul, Iraq. The Yazidi at one time worshipped a pre-Islamic peacock angel, but were reformed in the 12th century, and share commonalities with Islam.

Druze

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}} The Druze are a small and distinct religious community residing mainly in the Middle East, which are considered by most Muslims to be Muslims, but do not consider themselves to be Islamic. The religion developed in the 11th century around the figure of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, a Caliph who claimed to be God. The Druze keep the tenets of their Faith secret, and very few details are known. They neither accept converts nor recognize conversion from their religion to another.

Bábism

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}} In 1844 a young man from Shiraz, Iran proclaimed to be the Mahdi and took on the title of "The Báb". The religion he began officially broke away from Islam, and gained a significant following in Iran. His followers were called heretics by the state, and in 1850 the Báb was publicly executed.

Bahá'í

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}} Bahá'ís believe that the Islamic prophecies of the end times and the return of the Mahdi and Jesus were fulfilled. The prophet-founder of the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, is believed to be a Messenger of God, on par with Muhammad. It is sometimes categorized as a sect of Islam, which is denied by its adherents and the Muslim mainstream. Bahá'ís are persecuted as apostates in some Islamic countries, especially Iran.

Five Percenters

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}} A branch of the Nation of Islam, this group formed in Harlem, New York in the 1960s. Their beliefs focus on bringing justice to African-American youth, and they believe God is black. They have little relation to mainstream Islam, except that they use the expression Allahu Akbar.

See also

• Islam
• Outline of Islamic and Muslim related topics