Brigham Young University
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| ||
| Name |
Brigham Young University | |
| Location (main campus) | ||
| Established | ||
| Community |
Urban | |
| Type |
Private coeducational | |
| Classification |
Parochial | |
| Religion |
Owned by the LDS Church | |
| Enrollment |
32,400 | |
| Faculty |
2,100 | |
| President | ||
| Nickname |
Cougars | |
| Mascot |
Cosmo the Cougar | |
| School Colors |
Dark blue and white (was royal blue and white until 1999) | |
| Motto |
"The Glory of God is Intelligence" or "Enter to learn, go forth to serve" or "The world is our campus" | |
| Newspaper |
Daily Universe | |
| Yearbook |
Banyan (no longer issued) | |
| Website | ||
This article is about Brigham Young University. For the German airport, see Bindlacher Berg Airport
Brigham Young University (BYU, or simply the Y) was founded as Brigham Young Academy in 1875 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church; see also Mormon).
It was once the largest private school in theUnited States, but has since been surpassed by NYU,(39,408), and one of the world's largest church-affiliated schools, with an enrollment of roughly 32,400 undergraduate students at the beginning of 2003. BYU is located in Provo, Utah.
The main campus sits on approximately 600 acres (2.43 km²) at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 333 buildings. The campus is extensively landscaped, with many flower beds, lawns, and trees. The buildings on the campus are mostly plain and utilitarian (with a few rare exceptions).
The students at BYU are overwhelmingly LDS (Mormon), drawn mostly from the national population of academically-oriented LDS high school students.
Additional facilities include a study center in Israel (the BYU Jerusalem Center, not currently in operation); a satellite campus to the north in Utah's capital and largest city, Salt Lake City, (the BYU Salt Lake Center); and study centers all over the world, including Nauvoo, IL, a town that figures prominently in Latter-day Saint history (the Joseph Smith Academy).
The LDS Church also has sister four-year schools in Lā'ie, Hawai'i (Brigham Young University-Hawaii) and Rexburg, Idaho (Brigham Young University-Idaho) These schools enroll an additional 12,000 students. The church also runs LDS Business College, a two-year school in downtown Salt Lake City. All these schools are institutionally independent from Brigham Young University, with their own administrations and accreditation.
Contents |
Ownership and control
BYU is wholly owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the church provides it with a large subsidy from Latter-day Saint tithing funds, providing roughly 70% of the cost of education at BYU. The church subsidizes the education of both LDS and non-LDS students. Because of the church's subsidy, there is a two-tier tuition system, in which non-LDS students pay approximately 50% higher tuition than LDS students (for the 2005-2006 academic year, LDS members will pay $1705 to attend a semester full-time, while their non-LDS counterparts will pay $2558).
The university is operated by its board of trustees, which is chaired by the church's First Presidency, and the majority of its other members are selected from the church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This board selects a president who, since 1996, has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, chosen in part for his academic credentials. BYU has never had a female president, although typically there have been one or two female members of the board of trustees. Cecil O. Samuelson is currently (2005) the president of BYU.
Student and faculty demographics
Students from every state in the nation and from many foreign countries attend BYU (in 2001, 110 different countries were represented by more than 1,600 BYU students). Most of these students are active members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although membership in the church is not a requirement for admission, about 99% of the student body is LDS. There are a number of non-LDS faculty.
Both Latter-day Saint and non-Latter-day Saint students who attend BYU, must commit to follow the university's strict Honor Code, and to complete 14 semester hours of specialized religious education before graduation, which include some mandatory classes on Mormon doctrine. In addition, students and faculty who are LDS are required to obtain endorsement from local church leaders that they actively attend local church services and practice church standards of behavior. Non-LDS students are asked to provide a similar endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader of their choice with their application for admittance.
BYU students and faculty are predominantly conservative, although there are several relatively left-leaning organizations, such as a small-but-active College Democrats organization as well as an organization called VOICE, which is concerned with issues such as gender equality and violence against women.
The student body is predominantly white, although there are growing populations of Latinos, and Pacific Islanders, who are joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in increasing numbers. The number of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender students or faculty at BYU is unknown. The school's strict Honor Code does not require LGBT non-member students and faculty to remain in the closet, so long as they are strictly celibate, or they are monogamous within a legal heterosexual marriage. There is, nonetheless, a strong current against deviation from the LDS Church's norms.
Honor Code
All students and faculty must agree to adhere to a strict honor code. When first implemented in the late 1940s, the code dealt mainly with academic issues, such as cheating and plagarism. It has since expanded (especially during the 1960s and 1970s) to become one of the most comprehensive and far-reaching honor codes at any college or university. There was some dissent from both students and teachers as the code was expanded, but by and large, the changes have held over the decades.
The BYU honor code governs not only academic behavior, but morality, and dress and grooming standards of students and faculty, with the aim of providing an atmosphere consistent with LDS principles. Students must commit to being honest, chaste and virtuous; abstaining from illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea (substances forbidden by the Word of Wisdom); using clean language; and abiding by the guidelines for dress, grooming, and housing. For example, skirts and shorts must reach to the knee and shirts may not be sleeveless. Male students may not wear beards or goatees without permission; such permission is usually granted only to men with skin conditions aggravated by shaving or to men whose religious beliefs, such as Islam or Sikhism, require them to wear beards. Students have the option of living in on-campus housing, in University-approved off-campus housing, or with their parents at home.
The specifics of the honor code provide a perpetual topic for discussion among the students and alumni; Hugh Nibley offered an often cited critique of the Honor Code, citing what he saw as some misguided portions.
Student Housing
- Amanda Knight Hall (1939, no longer used as housing)
- Heritage Halls, apartment-style living (1953)
- Helaman Halls, dorm-style living (1958)
- Wymount Terrace, married family housing (1962)
- Deseret Towers, dorm-style living (1964)
- Wyview Park, married family housing (1971, rebuilt 1998, scheduled to become single student housing for Fall 2006)
Academics
BYU offers bachelor’s degrees in 198 academic programs, master’s degrees in 69, doctorates in 27 and a juris doctor. The university is organized into 11 colleges.
BYU consistently receives national recognition for its strong undergraduate and graduate programs. U.S. News & World Report ranks BYU's Marriott School of Management and the J. Reuben Clark Law School in the top 40 in the country.
In the July 2002 edition of the Chronicle of Higher Education, BYU was recognized as the best in the nation at turning research dollars into inventions and new companies. Some notable inventions originating at BYU include a drug for treating a rare form of leukemia, water modeling software, and the modern word-processor. Philo T. Farnsworth developed some of his ideas for the creation of the television while attending BYU. Harvey Fletcher, a BYU alumnus, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. The notable open source project phpLDAPadmin was developed in, and is currently maintained by, the department of Computer Science.
BYU's Harold B. Lee Library, which in 2004 the Princeton Review ranked as the #1 "Great College Library", has more than 6 million items in its collections, contains 98 miles of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people.
Accounting
BYU has a highly ranked accounting program at School of Accountancy in the Marriott School of Management. In December 2005, the Public Accounting Report, a top accounting trade publication, ranked BYU's undergraduate and graduate accounting programs second in the nation among collegiate accounting programs. Some of the most prestigious accounting firms in the world actively recruit BYU accounting students.
Study abroad program
BYU runs the largest study-abroad program in the United States, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. The Institute of International Education ranks BYU as the number one university in the US to offer students study abroad opportunities; nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. One of BYU's mottos is "The World is Our Campus".
(The BYU Jerusalem Center closed indefinitely in 2002 due to safety concerns related to the Second Intifada.)
Language program
Seventy-five percent of the men and twelve percent of the women at BYU have served as missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with roughly half serving in non-English speaking regions. Seventy-two percent of the student body speaks a second language, and many faculty are fluent in at least one language other than English. The church's Missionary Training Center (MTC) is located just north of the main BYU campus, and is known for its intensive language-training program for new missionaries. Most of the language instructors at the MTC are BYU students who recently returned from missions themselves.
During any given semester, roughly twenty-five percent of the student body may be enrolled in language courses—a rate three times the national average. BYU is renowned for its breadth and depth of foreign language and linguistic training, offering courses in 74 different languages, many with advanced courses which are seldom offered elsewhere. Using an instant-immersion approach developed in the church's Missionary Training Center, students are typically said to be fluent (testing at an Advanced level) after four semesters of the intensive, daily courses. The multi-lingual student body proved to be a valuable resource for the 2002 Winter Olympics.
BYU also offers an intensive living experience for those students who wish to master a second language. The Foreign Language Student Residence is an on-campus apartment complex where students are immersed in one of nine languages, be it French, Spanish, Japanese, or otherwise. No English is spoken in the apartment as they perfect their abilities (with the help of a foreign roommate) to communicate in their acquired tongue.
Foreign film program
BYU's International Cinema is the largest and longest-running foreign film program in the country, showing 20 screenings per week to roughly 1,000 people. Its main purpose is to supplement the curriculum of the College of Humanities and the Honors Program with culturally and linguistically diverse films.
Independent study program
BYU's Department of Independent Study is accredited by the Northwest Association of Accredited Schools (NAAS), the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU), and the Commission on International and Transregional Accreditation (CITA). The department offers courses to nearly 500,000 students every year, many to students in countries outside the United States. See website at [http://elearn.byu.edu]
Dance performance and DanceSport programs
The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world. The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for many years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester, totalling thousands of students per semester, making it by far the largest ballroom dance program in the US.
Choral music Programs
With over 500 members, BYU has one of the largest choral programs in the United States. There are four BYU auditioned choirs as well as a non-auditioned University Chorale. The 40-voice BYU Singers, conducted by Dr. Ronald J. Staheli, are considered to be the most prestigious. They have traveled extensively throughout the United States and Canada, twice to Russia, three times to Israel, to Australia and New Zealand, the countries of Western and Eastern Europe (including the Baltic states) and most recently to West Africa. The BYU Singers have recorded multiple CDs, the (arguably) most critically acclaimed being "Eric Whitacre: The Complete A Capella Works 1991-2001" in 2002 (Arsis) and the most recent being My Redeemer Lives in 2003 (Tantara). The largest auditioned choir for mixed voices is the Concert Choir, very prestigious in its own right, with approximately 85-95 voices. Though not as traveled as the BYU Singers, the Concert Choir has also enjoyed a prolific recording career under former conducter Mack Wilberg and current conductor Rosalind Hall. The BYU Men's Chorus, also conducted by Hall, is one of the largest male collegiate choirs in the United States and enjoys great popularity within the BYU and LDS communities. The Women's Chorus, comprised of about 200 female voices, showcases choral music for treble voices.
Mathematics
In the summer of 2005, BYU started an undergraduate research program (REU) in mathematics funded by the National Science Foundation.
Sports programs
From the late 1970s until the mid-1990s, BYU had an outstanding football program. In 1984, BYU's football team went undefeated to become the NCAA Division I-A national football champions. This was the first and only time that BYU has won the football national championship. They became champs by beating Michigan in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego, marking the first time that a number-one ranked college football team did not play in a New Year's Day bowl game. Some like NBC's Bryant Gumbel and Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer criticized BYU for having a weak schedule in 1984. It didn't matter however, since BYU was undefeated and they had attained the number one ranking in the AP, UPI, and other polls.
In 1990, quarterback Ty Detmer won college football's most prestigious individual award, the Heisman Trophy. Detmer is the only BYU football player ever to win the award. During the 1990 season, BYU defeated the number-one ranked Miami Hurricanes in Provo. Detmer passed for 5,188 yards and 41 touchdowns during this season.
The head football coach during BYU's football glory years was LaVell Edwards. Edwards is a legend among college football coaches, winning 257 games over a span of 29 years. Only five other head coaches have won more games. He was twice awarded with coach of the year awards (in 1979 and in 1984). Edwards' last season as head coach was in 2000; upon his retirement, BYU renamed its football venue from Cougar Stadium to LaVell Edwards Stadium in his honor. (Sources:http://www.byucougars.com/football/history/honors.html; http://web.ksl.com/TV/byufb/01year.htm).
During BYU's football glory days, the school colors were bright royal blue and white. In 1999, the school colors got a makeover, switching to dark blue and tan, with the football helmets switching from white to dark blue. The modern-styled football uniforms proved to be unpopular, and the traditional design with the white helmet was reinstituted for the 2005 season - although the darker blue remains on the home jerseys and the road pants. Brigham Young University has a historic and regional rivalry with the University of Utah.
The BYU women's cross-country team won the NCAA National Championship in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2002. BYU has also won NCAA National Championships in golf, track, and men's volleyball (3 times: in 1999, 2001, and 2004). The school colors are dark blue and white. Its mascot is Cosmo the Cougar and its primary conference is the Mountain West Conference. Its men's volleyball team plays in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYU's men's soccer club participates as a university-owned franchise in the United Soccer Leagues' Premier Development League.
BYU also has a strong intramural sports program, offering more than 30 sports and involving more than 10,000 participants each year.
Academic freedom issues
Like many other religious schools, BYU is often at the center of controversies regarding academic freedom. In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom. After receiving comment from faculty and others, the document was implemented by BYU administrators on September 14, 1992. This document specified that: "Because the gospel encompasses all truth and affirms the full range of human modes of knowing, the scope of integration for LDS scholars is, in principle, as wide as truth itself." However, citing BYU's role as a religious institution, the document allowed limitations to be placed upon "expression with students or in public that:
- 1. contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy;
- 2. deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or
- 3. violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.
"...The ultimate responsibility to determine harm to the University mission or the church, however, remains vested in the University's governing bodies—including the University president and central administration and, finally, the board of Trustees."
Also in 1992, the university began including a clause in its faculty contracts requiring LDS faculty to "accept the spiritual and temporal expectations of wholehearted Church membership". In 1993, contracts further required LDS faculty to "accept as a condition of employment the standards of conduct consistent with qualifying for temple privileges." (referring to entry into LDS temples, for which one must meet standards of activity and behavior in the LDS Church). In 1996, LDS faculty were required, as a condition of employment, to obtain the yearly endorsement of their local ecclesiastical leaders, which certified the faculty were temple-worthy. For example, in 1996, assistant professor Steven Epperson was dismissed after his local church leader refused to endorse him because of his failure to pay tithing, which made him ineligible for temple attendance.
Since its adoption in 1992, BYU's new academic freedom policy and its implementation have been widely criticized. In late 1992, the university's board of trustees vetoed without comment a BYU proposal to invite Pulitzer Prize winner and Harvard University professor Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, an active Mormon feminist, to address the annual BYU Women's Conference. The university also began to dismiss or deny tenure to a number of its more dissident professors. In 1993, BYU denied tenure to Cecilia Konchar Farr, who had taken a personal pro-choice position on abortion, and to David Knowlton, who had critically discussed the church's missionary system at an independent Mormon forum. In 1996, BYU denied tenure to Gail T. Houston, a feminist, despite overwhelmingly positive votes from her English Department and the College Committee. Also in 1996, professor Brian Evenson resigned in protest after receiving a stern warning from BYU administration over some violent images in one of his short stories.
In 1997, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) issued a report documenting the cases of Houston, Farr, Knowlton, Evenson, Epperson, and others, concluding "that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor". In 1998, the AAUP voted to enter BYU on its list of censured organizations, on which it remains to the present. The president of BYU at the time of the investigation and censure, Merrill J. Bateman, left office in 2003; the AAUP has subsequently sent the new president a description of the steps needed to have the censure removed.
Culture
BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the University by members of the LDS Church results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms which are often caricatured.
One of the characteristics of BYU most often noted (and derided) is its reputation for emphasizing a "marriage culture". LDS Church members highly value marriage and family, as well as marriage within the faith. Consequently, the enormous population of LDS single adults in and around Provo makes it a mecca for singles in the church, irrespective of their affiliation with BYU. BYU's reputation as a place to court potential mates is well known both within and without the BYU community, and is encouraged to some extent by the school's administrators and ecclesiastical leaders, who publicly highlight "successful" marriage statistics.
Most BYU students are acutely aware of the marriage stereotype, and many female students contribute to it by dropping out before graduation due to marriage and subsequent pregnancy. 56.3% of the men and 42.4% of the women in BYU's class of 2004 were married (the average age at graduation being 24.3). An earlier study ending in 1990 showed that 65% of matriculated male students ended up graduating, while the rate among matriculated female students was only 35%. Marriage statistics for the state of Utah as a whole indicate that BYU's marriage rate falls well within that of the state in general, with the median age at marriage in Utah being 23 for men, and 21 for women. It should be noted, however, that the percentage of married students at BYU is much higher than at most other universities, and the median age of marriage in Utah is significantly lower than in the United States as a whole. Utah has the highest per capita rate of teen pregnancy among the fifty states, although much of that is due to women who marry at 18 or 19 and give birth not long afterward, so the rate of unwed teen pregnancy is actually much lower. In regard to marriage, BYU is thus best described as a reflection of the cultural practices of the Mormon population as a whole (and particularly that of the Mountain West, which is significantly more culturally conservative than Mormon populations elsewhere within the United States), rather than as an outlier.
BYU's large body of students who have served as missionaries for the LDS Church significantly shapes the institution's culture. Young men are strongly encouraged to serve full-time two-year missions for the LDS Church after turning 19. Consequently, men might attend BYU for their freshman year and then take a two year break from school to serve the mission. Thus, the average male sophomore at BYU is 21 years old. Although LDS women can also serve full-time missions, the church does not press them to do so. Additionally, missions for LDS females are only 18 months in duration, and females may not serve full-time missions until after reaching 21 years of age.
Perceptions
Although BYU is held in high regard by many employers, there is a good deal of antagonism toward BYU both from inside and outside of the Mormon community. The LDS Church's racial policies attracted a great deal of protest in the 1960s, with African-American athletes frequently boycotting athletic events at which BYU competed. (The most notable examples of this were a football game forfeited by the heavily black University of Wyoming team in 1969, and the refusal of Texas El-Paso long jumper Bob Beamon—who set a world record in the long jump at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City—to participate in a track meet against BYU in the spring of that year.) While the LDS church's 1978 declaration of doctrine regarding those of African descent and the Priesthood eliminated most of this hostility, traces of lingering resentment against the school remain in many African-American communities.
Some of the most vitriolic opinions about BYU are held by LDS students at colleges and universities elsewhere in the US, proud to be in "the real world" instead of immersed in BYU's "bubble of shallowness, focus on appearances, and casualness toward marriage". (The fiercely secular University of Utah, in particular, is perceived as the nearly complete opposite of BYU, and is renowned as an outpost of leftism in the nation's most conservative state.) The nonchalance of many BYU students toward the occasional visits by the LDS Church's General Authorities is also a source of frustration for students in places where such visits occur once or twice a year, if at all.
On the other hand, many visitors to BYU, and the Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised at the genuinely wholesome environment. Very few BYU students consume alcohol, tobacco or illegal substances. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, crime is low; violent crime is also low. Provo and Orem are, however, major centers of methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution, perhaps owing to the drug's popularity among Utah teenagers and the proximity of Interstate 80 and Interstate 15. The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" for several years running, an honor on which LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley has often commented with pride. The school's strait-laced reputation is a major selling point in athletic recruiting: as non-LDS players (particularly African-Americans from inner cities) have become ever more important to the school's teams, BYU's wholesomeness is often attractive for prospective students who prefer an academic or social environment without the distractions of alcohol or drug use.
Notable alumni
- Rick Aguilera, former Major League Baseball pitcher, 1991 World Series champion, three-time all-star, #11 on the MLB all-time saves list
- Danny Ainge, professional baseball and basketball player
- Rafael Araújo, professional basketball player
- Bruce Bastion, co-founder of WordPerfect Corporation
- Ezra Taft Benson, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Brian Billick, Baltimore Ravens head coach
- Orson Scott Card, science fiction author
- Clayton M. Christensen, academic who coined the term "disruptive technology"
- James C. Christensen, noted artist
- Todd Christensen, former tight end for the NFL's Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders
- Krešimir Ćosić, four-time Olympian (basketball), 1980 Olympic gold medal winner (basketball), Olympic basketball coach (1988, silver medal), US Presidential Freedom Award recipient
- Dr. Stephen R. Covey - author
- Brian Crane, award-winning cartoonist
- Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator (Idaho)
- Ty Detmer, 1990 Heisman Trophy winner and professional football quarterback
- Richard Dutcher, film director, producer and actor
- Aaron Eckhart, actor
- Harvey Fletcher, U.S. physicist
- Frank Fredericks, world-champion Namibian sprinter
- Travis Hansen, professional basketball player
- Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator (Utah)
- Jon Heder, actor Napoleon Dynamite debut
- Jared Hess, film director and screenwriter
- Ken Hunt, former MLB pitcher
- Casey Jennings, professional beach volleyball player
- Ken Jennings, Jeopardy! champion
- Wally Joyner, MLB baseball player
- Neil LaBute, film director, screenwriter, and playwright
- Rex E. Lee, Constitutional lawyer, BYU President
- Jim McMahon, professional football quarterback
- Ryan Millar, professional volleyball player
- Jack Morris, former Major League Baseball pitcher, 1984 and 1991 World Series champion, 1991 World Series MVP, five-time all-star
- Scott Nielsen, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox pitcher
- Ken Patera, track and field, weightlifter, professional wrestler
- Andy Reid, Philadelphia Eagles head coach
- Rose Marie Reid, American swimsuit designer
- Kevin B. Rollins, president and CEO of Dell
- Mitt Romney, Governor of Massachusetts, 2002 Winter Olympics CEO
- Gordon Smith, U.S. Senator from Oregon
- Cory Snyder, former MLB player
- Julie Stoffer, The Real World housemate
- Erin Thorn, professional basketball player
- Olene S. Walker, 15th Utah governor
- Mike Weir, professional golfer and 2003 Masters Champion
- Steve Young, professional football quarterback and 2005 NFL Hall of Fame inductee
See also
- BYU 100 Hour Board
- BYU Jerusalem Center
- BYU Testing Center
- Brigham Young University Arboretum
- Frank Abagnale, an impostor who claimed to have taught sociology at the university for a semester.
External links
- Official website of BYU
- Official BYU athletics site
- Official BYU men's soccer site
- Idaho campus
- Hawaii campus
- BYU Jerusalem Center
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — BYU's sponsoring institution
- American Association of University Professors list of censured administrations
- BYU Speeches - given by Latter-day Saints at BYU, Provo, addressed to BYU students
- BYU Television - Church affiliated TV-Channel operated by BYU, Provo
- BYU Studies (historical and academic articles, sermons) some past issues online
- YWiki - A repository for student information about BYU life and culture.
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